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1.
Bernette Maria Oosterlaken Heiner Friedrich Gijsbertus de With 《Microscopy research and technique》2022,85(1):412-417
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an important analysis technique to visualize (bio)macromolecules and their assemblies, including collagen fibers. Many protocols for TEM sample preparation of collagen involve one or more washing steps to remove excess salts from the dispersion that could hamper analysis when dried on a TEM grid. Such protocols are not standardized and washing times as well as washing solvents vary from procedure to procedure, with each research group typically having their own protocol. Here, we investigate the influence of washing with water, ethanol, but also methanol and 2-propanol, for both mineralized and unmineralized collagen samples via a protocol based on centrifugation. Washing with water maintains the hydrated collagen structure and the characteristic banding pattern can be clearly observed. Conversely, washing with ethanol results in dehydration of the fibrils, often leading to aggregation of the fibers and a less obvious banding pattern, already within 1 min of ethanol exposure. As we show, this process is fully reversible. Similar observations were made for methanol and propanol. Based on these results, a standardized washing protocol for collagenous samples is proposed. 相似文献
2.
摘 要:为了提高码索引调制(code index modulation,CIM)系统的传输效率,提出了一种具有更低复杂度的单输入单输出(single input single output,SISO)的广义正交码索引调制(generalized orthogonal code index modulation,GQCIM)系统。CIM 系统使用扩频码和星座符号传输信息,但只能激活两个扩频码索引和一个调制符号。而 GQCIM 系统以一种新颖的方式克服了只激活一个调制符号的限制,同时充分利用了调制符号的正交性,增加扩频码索引以传输更多的额外信息位,提高了系统的传输效率。此外,分析了GQCIM系统的理论性能,推导了误码率性能的上界。通过蒙特卡罗仿真验证了GQCIM系统的性能,对比发现GQCIM系统的理论和仿真性能一致。而且在相同的传输效率下,结果显示GQCIM系统的性能优于同样具有正交性的调制系统,如广义码索引调制(generalized code index modulation,GCIM)系统、CIM系统、码索引调制-正交空间调制(code index modulation aided quadrature spatial modulation,CIM-QSM)系统、码索引调制-正交空间调制(code index modulation aided spatial modulation,CIM-SM)系统、脉冲索引调制(pulse index modulation,PIM)系统。 相似文献
3.
Elli Ntakou Ralph Masiello Farnaz Farzan Shay Bahramirad Aleksi Paaso M.A. Nayeem Maigha Maigha Daniel Kushner 《The Electricity Journal》2019,32(4):45-49
This paper presents part of the work ComEd and Quanta Technology have performed to quantify the locational and temporal value of DER to avoid distribution grid upgrade investments. It focuses on the formulation of a robust and efficient algorithm for DER optimal dispatch on a distribution feeder to mitigate the violation of current and voltage limits using the allocated cost of capacity and locational marginal value of real and reactive DER injection/withdrawal. 相似文献
4.
Michael Lommel Vera Froese Moritz Sieber Marvin Jentzsch Tim Bierewirtz Ümit Hasirci Tim Rese Josef Seefeldt Sebastian Schimek Ulrich Kertzscher Christian Oliver Paschereit 《Indoor air》2021,31(6):1860-1873
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created a great demand for a better understanding of the spread of viruses in indoor environments. A novel measurement system consisting of one portable aerosol-emitting mannequin (emitter) and a number of portable aerosol-absorbing mannequins (recipients) was developed that can measure the spread of aerosols and droplets that potentially contain infectious viruses. The emission of the virus from a human is simulated by using tracer particles solved in water. The recipients inhale the aerosols and droplets and quantify the level of solved tracer particles in their artificial lungs simultaneously over time. The mobile system can be arranged in a large variety of spreading scenarios in indoor environments and allows for quantification of the infection probability due to airborne virus spreading. This study shows the accuracy of the new measurement system and its ability to compare aerosol reduction measures such as regular ventilation or the use of a room air purifier. 相似文献
5.
6.
《Ceramics International》2021,47(22):31920-31926
The Sr and Ba bearing Tl-1212 phase, Tl(Ba,Sr)CaCu2O7 is an interesting superconductor. The Sr only bearing TlSr2CaCu2O7 is not easily prepared in the superconducting form. The Ba only bearing TlBa2CaCu2O7 on the other hand does not show improvement in the transition temperature with elemental substitution. In this work the influence of multivalent Se (non-metal) and Te (metalloid) substitutions at the Tl-site of Tl1-xMx(Ba,Sr)CaCu2O7 (M = Se or Te) superconductors for x = 0–0.6 was studied. The samples were prepared via the conventional solid-state reaction method. XRD patterns showed a single Tl-1212 phase for x = 0 and 0.1 Se substituted samples. The critical current density at the peak temperature, Tp of the imaginary (χ”) part of the AC susceptibility (χ = χ’ +χ”), Jc-inter(Tp) for all samples was between 15 and 21 A cm−2. The highest superconducting transition temperature was shown by the x = 0.3 Se-substituted sample (Tc-onset = 104 K, Tc-zero = 89 K, Tcχ’ = 104 K and Tp = 80 K). Te suppressed the superconductivity of Tl-1212 phase. The order of highest transition temperatures are as follows: Tl1-xTex(Ba,Sr)CaCu2O7<Tl(Ba,Sr)CaCu2O7<Tl1-xSex(Ba,Sr)CaCu2O7. This work showed that Se was better than Te in improving the transition temperature and flux pinning of the Tl-1212 phase. The roles of ionic radius of Se and Te on the superconductivity of Tl(Ba,Sr)CaCu2O7 are discussed in this paper. 相似文献
7.
8.
Transmission system restoration with co-optimization of repairs,load pickups,and generation dispatch
This paper studies the restoration of a transmission system after a significant disruption such as a natural disaster. It considers the co-optimization of repairs, load pickups, and generation dispatch to produce a sequencing of the repairs that minimizes the size of the blackout over time. The core of this process is a Restoration Ordering Problem (ROP), a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear program that is outside the capabilities of existing solver technologies. To address this computational barrier, the paper examines two approximations of the power flow equations: The DC model and the recently proposed LPAC model. Systematic, large-scale testing indicates that the DC model is not sufficiently accurate for solving the ROP. In contrast, the LPAC power flow model, which captures line losses, reactive power, and voltage magnitudes, is sufficiently accurate to obtain restoration plans that can be converted into AC-feasible power flows. An experimental study also suggests that the LPAC model provides a robust and appealing tradeoff between accuracy and computational performance for solving the ROP. 相似文献
9.
This paper presents a fast distance relay for series compensated transmission lines based on the R–L differential-equation algorithm using the theory of equal transfer process of transmission lines. The measuring distances based on the proposed algorithm can fast approach the actual value of fault distance when a fault occurs in front of the series capacitor. When a fault occurs behind of the series capacitor, the fault loop, including the series capacitor, does not match the R–L transmission line model, so the measuring distances fluctuate severely. Based on this, the relative position of the fault with respect to the series capacitor can be judged effectively according to the fluctuation range of the measuring distances, and the accurate fault location can be obtained fast. A variety of PSCAD/EMTDC simulation tests show that the new relay has fast operating speed and high accuracy when applied to the long series compensated transmission lines. 相似文献
10.
某出口型号交流电力机车牵引控制系统要求变流器控制逻辑具备接触器控制、牵引系统数据交互、变流器故障保护、变流器启动自检等功能。针对以上功能,基于MATLAB中的Simulink/Stateflow可视化编程工具进行牵引控制模型的搭建,遵循模块化编程理念,采用较少的程序代码编写实现复杂的逻辑控制模型,生成逻辑清晰的控制功能流程图,进行半实物仿真测试,增强控制模型的可靠性。通过该变流器产品型式试验检验,验证变流器控制逻辑的功能可以满足控制系统的需求。 相似文献